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Resource CCS Technical and Economic Potential

IEA report, Retrofitting CO2 Capture to Existing Power Plants

IEA’s 2011 report surveys post-combustion retrofits on both coal and NGCC plants, using an economic model to assess the value proposition for different technology types.

Example Investments to Extend Nuclear Plant Life

Ontario’s Bruce Nuclear Power Station

Ontario uses a contract for differences methodology to support lifetime extensions at the Bruce nuclear station. The price of the electricity output from the fleet of units is adjusted according to th...

Resource Global Decarbonization Resources

Deadline 2020: How Cities Will Get the Job Done

Deadline 2020 was written for C40, a network of the world’s megacities committed to addressing climate change. The report presents a detailed pathway of what C40 cities need to do to play their part i...

Resource Investments to Extend Nuclear Plant Life

Report, Nuclear Power Plant Life Management and Longer-term Operation

The OECD’s 2006 report, Nuclear Power Plant Life Management and Longer-term Operation, outlines safety aspects of plant life management, technical limitations, and implications for nuclear capacity te...

Resource Protecting Forests through Local Land Use Regulations

Model Law on Favoring Green Infrastructure in Planning Commission Reviews

One important influence on the adoption of green development is the required permission of various planning commissions. The Chancery Lane Project, a collaborative effort of UK lawyers to develop new ...

Resource Global Decarbonization Resources

World Bank Report, Decarbonizing Development: Three Steps to a Zero-Carbon Future

Decarbonizing Development looks at what it would take to decarbonize the world economy by 2100 in a way that is compatible with countries’ broader development goals. It emphasizes that countries must:...

Resource CCS Technical and Economic Potential

Accelerating the Uptake of CCS: Industrial Use of Captured Carbon Dioxide

The Global CCS Institute’s 2011 report, on industrial use of captured CO2 investigates existing and emerging uses of CO2 and reviews the potential to capture and reuse CO2 for industrial applications ...

Resource Social Policies to Facilitate a Just Carbon Transition

Report, Real People, Real Change

The International Institute for Sustainable Development published a 2018 report, Real People, Real Change, which highlights political and communications strategies for a just transition, building on r...

Resource Investments to Extend Nuclear Plant Life

IEA report, Nuclear Power in a Clean Energy System

Chapter Five of the IEA’s latest nuclear report, Nuclear Power in a Clean Energy System, emphasizes policy mechanisms necessary to keep existing nuclear online and spur investment in new nuclear, incl...

Example Existing Carbon Pricing Schemes (World)

Canadian Federal Carbon Tax

Under the Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act, the Canadian federal government implemented a coordinated nation-wide carbon price for all provinces without their own carbon pricing mechanism, beginni...

Resource Global Decarbonization Resources

Legal Pathways to Deep Decarbonization in Brazil

Following the publication of Legal Pathways to Deep Decarbonization in the United States, on which the ModelClimateLaws.org project was based, the Model Climate Laws team has encouraged foreign lawyer...

Example Circular Economy Policies

Waste Free Ontario Act

Ontario’s 2016 Bill 151, the Waste Free Ontario Act, marks a shift towards Extended Producer Responsibility for all products — e-waste, tires, packaging, compost and more. The second part of Bill 151,...

Example Renewable Fuel Standards

EU Fuel Quality Directive

The European Fuel Quality Directive requires the road transport fuel mix in the EU to be 6% less carbon intensive by 2020, compared to a 2010 fossil diesel and gasoline baseline. These gains must be s...

Example Existing Carbon Pricing Schemes (World)

Japanese carbon tax

Japan’s Tax for Climate Mitigation was imposed on all fossil fuels via Law No. 16 of 2012. The tax base is the amount of CO2 emissions from fossil fuel use (covering 70% of Japan’s GHG emissions), wit...

Example Vehicle Feebates

Canadian Federal Feebate

In March 2007, the Canadian Government announced the Vehicle Efficiency Incentive (VEI) program, which contained an “ecoAuto” rebate for up to $2,000 CAD for purchases of fuel-efficient vehicles and a...

Resource Fuel Taxes for Shipping

Report, Carbon Taxation for International Maritime Fuels

The IMF’s 2018 report, Carbon Taxation for International Maritime Fuels: Assessing the Options considers the carbon tax as a key element of GHG mitigation policy for international maritime transport. ...

Example Japanese waste reduction legislation

Basic Law for Establishing a Recycling-Based Society

In the 2000 Basic Law for Establishing a Recycling-Based Society, Japan assigned basic waste management responsibilities to the national government, local governments, businesses, and citizens, and es...

Example Green Bonds

World Bank Green Bonds

The World Bank Green Bond raises funds from fixed income investors to support World Bank lending for eligible projects that seek to mitigate climate change or help affected people adapt to it. The pro...

Example Zero Net Energy Buildings

Vancouver Zero Emissions Buildings plan

Vancouver has published a Zero Emissions Buildings plan (2016) aiming to achieve zero emissions on all new construction by 2030. It empowers the city to require green buildings in any rezoning project...

Example Low Carbon Dietary GuidelinesDietary Guidelines

Dietary Guidelines for the Brazilian Population

Brazil’s Dietary Guidelines encourage the use of minimally processed plant-based foods over animal products to reduce GHGs and deforestation.

Resource Sectoral Emissions Controls: Primary Metals

Report, Progress and Future of Breakthrough Low-carbon Steelmaking Technology (ULCOS) of EU

Yan Junjie’s 2018 report notes the current progress and future research of steelmaking program with ultra-low CO2 emission in Europe, among which TGR-BF, HIsarna, ULCORED, ULCOWIN and ULCOLYSIS are co...

Resource Green Leases

Green Business Leases Model Law

The Chancery Lane Project, a collaborative effort of UK lawyers to develop new contracts and model laws to help fight climate change, has published a model law amending existing UK law to require that...

Resource Social Policies to Facilitate a Just Carbon Transition

Canada’s Just Transition Task Force Final Report

The government of Canada’s Just Transition Task Force issued a 2018 Final Report, which makes ten recommendations on what Canada could include in a just transition plan for coal workers and communitie...

Resource Global Decarbonization Resources

Report, Mission Possible: Reaching Net-Zero Carbon Emissions from Harder-to-Abate Sectors by Mid-Century

The Energy Transition Commission’s 2018 report, Mission Possible: Reaching Net-Zero Carbon Emissions from Harder-to-Abate Sectors by Mid-Century, outlines the possible routes to fully decarbonize ceme...

Resource Low Carbon Gas Technical Potential

IRENA report, Hydrogen from Renewable Power

IRENA’s 2018 report, Hydrogen from Renewable Power, assesses the state of power-to-gas technologies, hydrogen applications in end-use sectors, developing a hydrogen supply chain, and makes recommendat...

Resource Global Decarbonization Resources

2020: The Climate Turning Point

Mission 2020’s Climate Turning Point report, co-authored by a broad array of climate advocates and researchers, surveys the necessity of peaking global emissions by 2020 in order to meet Paris Accord ...

Resource Reports on Materials Consumption and Solid Waste Generally

Report, The Circular Economy and Benefits for Society

The Club of Rome’s 2015 report, The Circular Economy and Benefits for Society, broadly explores the potential for a significant increase in resource efficiency and assesses what the main benefits for ...

Example Existing International Marine Organization Requirements

EEDI Guidelines

Energy Efficiency Design Index requirements were made mandatory for new ships under MARPOL Annex VI, ch. 4. New ship design needs to meet the reference level, which will be tightened incrementally eve...

Example Japanese waste reduction legislation

Law on Recycling of Specified Kinds of Home Appliances

Law 97 of 1998 required consumers and retailers to return air conditioners, television, refrigerators and freezers, and washing machines and clothes dryers to manufacturers, and required manufacturers...

Example Existing Carbon Pricing Schemes (World)

Saitama’s Emissions Trading Scheme

Saitama’s ETS was established in April 2011 as part of the Saitama Prefecture Global Warming Strategy Promotion Ordinance. Under the ETS, large buildings and factories in Saitama are required to reduc...

Example Existing Carbon Pricing Schemes (World)

British Columbia’s Carbon Tax

British Columbia’s Carbon Tax Act (2008) implemented a tax beginning at $10 CAD per ton of CO2-eq emissions, and ramping up to its current rate of $30 CAD, applying to 20 classes of fossil fuels and o...

Resource Global Decarbonization Resources

Report, Net-Zero Energy Systems

This research paper, originally published in Science, reviews what it would take to achieve energy system decarbonization, including parts of the energy system that are particularly difficult to decar...

Example Existing Carbon Pricing Schemes (World)Livestock Emissions

Denmark’s Livestock Carbon Tax

In a world first, Denmark is set to become the first nation to impose a GHG tax specifically on livestock emissions. In 2030, a fee of 300 Danish crowns ($43.60 USD) will be charged to farmers per ton...

Resource Reports on Advancing Decarbonization Technologies

IRENA report, Renewable Energy Technology Innovation Policy

The 2015 IRENA report, Renewable Energy Technology Innovation Policy, is a guide for policy makers in implementing national or sub-national policies to support innovations in renewable energy. It prov...

Resource CO2 Injection and Pore Space Regulations

Report, Policy Readiness for Offshore CO2 Storage in the Northeast

The Sabin Center’s 2017 report surveys applicable regulations for injecting CO2 offshore in state waters, federal waters (under the Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act), and the high seas...

Example Vehicle Feebates

Ontario’s Feebate Program (1989-2010)

Ontario’s Tax and Credit for Fuel Conservation or feebate program was operational from 1989 to 2010. Under the fee schedule in place from 1991 through the end of the program, the program offered rebat...

Resource Fuel Taxes for Shipping

Danish Shipping Fuel Tax Proposal

An international shipping fuel tax was introduced by Denmark in 2009, but it was not taken forward. Since that date, there have not been discussions around a fuel tax at the IMO level.

Example Existing Carbon Pricing Schemes (World)

Swiss Emissions Trading System

The Switzerland ETS began with a voluntary phase as an alternative option to the CO2 levy on fossil fuels. Revised regulations entered into force in January 2013. The system subsequently became mandat...

Example Low Carbon Dietary GuidelinesDietary Guidelines

Dutch Dietary Guidelines

The Health Council of the Netherlands published 2015 dietary guidelines that recommended more plant-based and less animal-based nutrition, particularly processed red meat. The report notes that limiti...

Resource Global Decarbonization Resources

Limiting Global Warming to 2C: Policy Findings from the Durban Platform Scenario Analyses

This report presents a number of key outcomes of the LIMITS project, which was born out of the UNFCCC Durban COP in order to formulate international climate policies in the context of the 2°C target. ...

Resource Social Policies to Facilitate a Just Carbon Transition

Report, Shaping an Inclusive Energy Transition

This 2020 study from Guidehouse and Cambridge economics looks at the distributional effects of EU climate policy and makes recommendations on steering policy towards a just transition. It combines eco...

Resource Global Decarbonization Resources

ExxonMobil’s 2019 Outlook for Energy: A View to 2040

ExxonMobil’s 2019 Outlook for Energy: A View to 2040 includes a section, “Pursuing a 2C Pathway,” which utilizes third-party, peer-reviewed work coordinated by the Energy Modeling Forum at Stanford Un...

Example Proposed Carbon Pricing Schemes (World)

China’s planned emissions trading system

China has been developing and running test pilots for a national emissions trading system for some years. Since 2011, China has been operating seven test pilot carbon markets in different regions. A 2...

Resource Global Decarbonization Resources

Deep Decarbonization Pathways Project

The Deep Decarbonization Pathways Project (DDPP) is a global collaboration of energy research teams charting practical pathways to deeply reducing greenhouse gas emissions in their own countries. It i...

Example Nitrous Oxide in Cap and Trade Systems

Alberta’s Cap and Trade Program

Alberta’s Cap and Trade Program allows offset credits for reductions of nitrous oxide and other GHGs from agricultural sources, and has developed an offset protocol for estimating nitrous oxide reduct...

Resource Reports on Advancing Decarbonization Technologies

Report, Scaling Technologies to Decarbonize Energy

The World Economic Forum’s 2015 report, Scaling Technologies to Decarbonize Energy, highlights 15 high potential technology areas and pathways to speed up renewable energy development and deployment.

Resource Corporate Incentives and Behavior

Model Law on Parent Company Liability for Environmental Damages of Subsidiaries

The Chancery Lane Project, a collaborative effort of UK lawyers to develop new contracts and model laws to help fight climate change, has published a model law amending UK corporate law extend liabili...

Example Existing Carbon Pricing Schemes (World)

Mexico’s carbon tax and nascent emissions trading scheme

The foundation of Mexico’s climate policy is the General Law on Climate Change (2012) (analyzed by ELI and EDF, with relevant sections on trading translated by EDF). It established the basis for clima...

Resource Material Efficiency

Report, Transitions to material efficiency in the UK steel economy

Allwood’s 2013 report, Transitions to material efficiency in the UK steel economy, apply the strategies of material efficiency to reductions in steel demand. The report notes six strategies that could...

Example Renewable Fuel Standards

Brazilian ethanol and biodiesel targets

Brazil is second to the United States as the world’s top producer of ethanol. Brazil’s current standards require a 27% blend of ethanol in gasoline C, and gradually require an increase in biodiesel bl...

Resource Sectoral Emissions Controls: Refining and ChemicalsSectoral Emissions Controls: Cement and LimeSectoral Emissions Controls: Primary Metals

Report, Exploring the Limits for CO2 Emission Abatement in the EU Power and Industry Sectors

Rootzen and Johnson’s 2014 report assessed the prospects for presently available abatement technologies to achieve significant reductions in CO2 emissions from large stationary sources of CO2 in the E...

Example End of Life Vehicles and Producer Responsibility Laws

Korea’s End of Life Vehicles Legislation

Korea’s 2007 Act for Resource Recycling of Electrical and Electronic Equipment and Vehicles (referred to as RoHS) creates a framework to hold producers and importers responsible for their use of resou...

Example Nitrous Oxide in Cap and Trade Systems

New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme Agricultural Reporting Requirement

The New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme requires agricultural sources to report emissions, although it has not yet established any cap on emissions from these sources. The government is in a consulta...

Resource Global Decarbonization Resources

Legal Pathways to Deep Decarbonisation in Australia

Following on the publication of Legal Pathways to Deep Decarbonization in the United States, the groundbreaking text on which the LPDD project was founded, our team has encouraged legal experts from o...

Resource Eco-Labels

ISO 14024

The International Organization for Standardization’s Standard 14024 (2018) provides international ecolabeling standards that are generally favored in WTO jurisprudence.

Example Existing Carbon Pricing Schemes (World)

Irish carbon tax

In 2010, the Republic of Ireland placed a carbon tax on all residential and commercial use of gas and oil not covered by the EU ETS, under Part 3 of the 2010 Finance Act.

Resource Zero Net Energy Buildings

International Living Future Institute’s Zero Energy Building Certification

The International Living Future Institute’s Zero Energy Building Certification was created to allow projects to demonstrate zero energy performance, defined as where “One hundred percent of the buildi...

Example District Heating Systems

Richmond BC’s Alexandra District Energy Utility

Richmond, British Columbia, established the city-run Alexandra District Energy Utility to provide geothermal heating and cooling through Bylaw No. 8641 (2010). The Alexandra District Energy Utility is...

Example Existing Carbon Pricing Schemes (World)

French carbon tax

In the Finance Bill for 2014 (Dec. 2013), the French government adopted a carbon tax of US$9.70/tCO2 e in 2014; increasing to US$17.60/tCO2 e in 2015; and US$24.00/ tCO2 e) in 2016 for the use of foss...

Example Low Carbon Fuel Standards

UK Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation

The Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation initially required that 5 percent of all road vehicle fuel be supplied from sustainable renewable sources by 2010. It has been amended to target 12.4% of road v...

Resource Global Decarbonization Resources

Project Drawdown

Project Drawdown is a nonprofit organization that seeks to help the world reach “Drawdown”— the future point in time when levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere stop climbing and start to steadi...

Example End of Life Vehicles and Producer Responsibility Laws

UK End of Life Vehicles regulations

The UK’s End of Life Vehicles regulations transpose the EU ELV Directive through regulations passed in 2003 and 2005. The 2003 regulations include the use of improved standards for vehicle treatment s...

Resource Reports on Advancing Decarbonization Technologies

OECD report, Aligning Policies for a Low Carbon Economy

OECD’s 2015 publication, Aligning Policies for a Low Carbon Economy surveys the efficacy of R&D tax credits, innovation investment portfolio theory, and the effects of removing unhelpful subsidies for...

Example Green Recovery

Carbon Brief Green Recovery Legislation Tracker

Carbon Brief’s Green Recovery Legislation Tracker tracks dozens of proposed and enacted international laws promoting green recovery in the COVID-19 context.

Resource Global Decarbonization Resources

Report, How To Make Europe’s Energy System Climate-Neutral Before 2050

This 2020 Solar Power Europe and LUT University report provides an assessment demonstrating the lowest cost feasible energy mix with the transitioning of the power, heat, and transport sectors towards...

Example Existing Carbon Pricing Schemes (World)

Chilean Carbon tax

In 2014, Chile adopted a carbon tax as part of a larger tax reform (Law 20780), which included changes to other taxes. The carbon tax targets plants with boilers and turbines whose emission sources su...

Example Japanese waste reduction legislation

Basic Environmental Law

In the 1993 Basic Environmental Law, Japan created an environmental council tasked with drafting an environmental plan that articulates basic principles for government, corporations, and citizens to p...

Resource Global Decarbonization Resources

Perspectives for the Energy Transition: Investment Needs for the Low-Carbon Energy System

The IEA’s 2015 report sheds light on the essential elements of an energy sector transition that would be consistent with limiting the rise in global temperature to “well below 2°C,” as set out in the ...

Example Existing Carbon Pricing Schemes (World)

New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme

Authorized by the Climate Change Response Act of 2002, the New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme (NZ ETS) was launched in 2008. Originally designed to cover the whole economy, it has the broadest secto...

Example Existing International Marine Organization Requirements

North American Emissions Control Area

The United States and Canada have jointly applied and been approved by the IMO for an emissions control area up to 200 miles off their casts, excluding Alaska and the Arctic. This requires ships passi...

Resource Regulatory Approaches to Reducing Fluorinated Gases

UNEP Report, Cooling Emissions and Policy Synthesis Report

UNEP’s 2020 report highlights how reductions of between 210 and 460 billion tons of CO2 equivalent emissions can be delivered over the next four decades through actions to improve the cooling industry...

Example End of Life Vehicles and Producer Responsibility Laws

EU End of Life Vehicles Directive

The EU’s ELV Directive (2000-53-EC) requires that manufacturers reduce the use of hazardous substances (mercury, hexavalent chromium, cadmium, lead) when designing and producing vehicles. The Directiv...

Example End of Life Vehicles and Producer Responsibility Laws

Swedish End of Life Vehicle and Producer Responsibility Regulation

Sweden adopted a 1997 Ordinance on Producer Responsibility (SFS 1997:185), which required manufacturers to accept ELVS free of charge and established a system for their management. Sweden has also ado...

Example Stranded Assets and Climate Disclosures

New Zealand’s Climate Risk Disclosure Requirements

Under New Zealand legislation announced in September 2020, large financial institutions would be required to report annually on governance, risk management and strategies for mitigating climate change...

Example Existing Carbon Pricing Schemes (World)

Switzerland carbon tax

Switzerland introduced a CO2 levy under the Federal Act on the Reduction of CO2 Emissions covering heating and process fuels as part of a comprehensive climate policy package to decrease the use of fo...

Resource Global Decarbonization Resources

Shell’s Sky Scenario

An emissions scenario (called Sky) developed by Shell International examines the challenge of moving to an energy system with net-zero CO2 emissions and gradually eliminate emissions from deforestatio...

Resource Reports on Reducing Emissions from Shipping

IMO study, Third Greenhouse Gas Study

The International Marine Organization’s Third Greenhouse Gas Study (2014) captured an inventory of emissions from international shipping, and outlines emissions scenarios out to 2050.

Resource Social Policies to Facilitate a Just Carbon Transition

Report, Blueprint for Europe’s Just Transition

This 2019 report lays out the principles and strategies for a Green New Deal for Europe. Its scope comprises three distinct institutions: A Green Public Works investment program. An Environmental Unio...

Resource Reports on Advancing Decarbonization Technologies

Report, Aligning Policies for Low-Carbon Systemic Innovation in Europe

The Centre for European Policy Studied and Industrial Innovation for Competitiveness published a 2016 report, Aligning Policies for Low-Carbon Systemic Innovation in Europe, which considers potential ...

Resource Local Content Rules

WTO 2016 Decision on Certain Measures Relating to Solar Cells and Solar Modules

The WTO’s 2016 decision against India invalidated solar policies for having discriminatory local content rules. The decision contours certain attributes to avoid in designing local content rules. The ...

Resource Renewable Fuel Standards

Biofuels Digest Report, Biofuels Mandates Around the World

Biofuels Digest’s 2019 summary report, Biofuels Mandates Around the World, surveys 65 countries with targets or mandates for biofuel consumption.

Resource Global Decarbonization Resources

Tracking Clean Energy Progress: Informing Energy Sector Transformations

The IEA’s Tracking Clean Energy Progress reports assess the status of 45 critical energy technologies and sectors and provides recommendations on how they can get ‘on track’ with the IEA’s Sustainable...

Resource Nuclear Facility Design Standardization

Multinational Design Evaluation Programme

The Multinational Design Evaluation Programme organized through the Nuclear Energy Agency aims to encourage multinational convergence of codes, standards, and safety goals. The MDEP Working Group on C...

Example Japanese waste reduction legislation

End of Life Vehicle Law

Japan’s End of Life Vehicle Law (Law 87 of 2002) establishes a consumer paid recycling program for all four-wheel vehicles to collect chlorofluorocarbons, airbags, and shredder dust and to recycle aut...

Resource Reports on Reducing Emissions from Shipping

Report, Shipping and Aviation Emissions in the Context of a 2 Degree Emissions Pathway

Manchester Metropolitan University’s study concludes that, if the world were otherwise on a 2 degree pathway while shipping emissions maintained a business-as-usual trajectory, total shipping emission...

Example Existing International Marine Organization Requirements

Global Maritime Technology Network

The Global Maritime Technology Network project, funded by the European Union, has established a network of five Maritime Technology Cooperation Centres (MTCCs) in Africa, Asia, the Caribbean, Latin Am...

Resource Border Tax Adjustments

Global Ecolabelling Network

The Global Ecolabelling Network supports the development of third-party certified ecolabeling systems, such as ISO 14024, while also supporting other types of self-declaration and voluntary programs. ...

Example Existing Carbon Pricing Schemes (World)

South Korea’s Emissions Trading Scheme

South Korea’s Emissions Trading Scheme (KETS) was authorized in 2012 through the Act on the Allocation and Trading of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Permits. The KETS was launched in 2015, and in 2018 Phase...

Example Vehicle Feebates

French “Bonus/Malus” Feebate Program

France introduced the “bonus/malus” feebate program in 2008, making it one of the only countries to implement a fee and rebate system in conjunction. In 2010, the ICCT claimed that the French feebate ...

Example Low Carbon Fuel Standards

British Columbia Renewable and Low Carbon Fuel Requirements Act

British Columbia’s Renewable and Low Carbon Fuel Requirements Act initially mandated fuel suppliers in B.C. to sell gasoline and diesel containing 5% and 4% percent renewable fuels, respectively, by 2...

Resource Reorienting Transportation Planning to Minimize GHGs

Model Law on Data Sharing for Transportation Policy Development

Myriad transportation apps — like CityMapper, ridesharing, or public transit apps — know how our cities move about better than anyone, and yet they often protect that user data en masse. The Chancery ...

Example Existing Carbon Pricing Schemes (World)

Swedish Carbon Tax

The carbon tax was introduced in 1991, and has gradually been increased to $140 US/tCO2e in 2018, the highest level in the world. Sweden’s success with high carbon tax prices is exemplary. While the S...

Example Japanese waste reduction legislation

Law for Promotion of Effective Utilization of Resources

In 1991, Japan passed comprehensive materials usage legislation, the Law for Promotion of Effective Utilization of Resources, which set out a legal framework for manufacturers outlined mandatory take-...

Example Existing International Marine Organization Requirements

SEEMP Guidelines

MARPOL’s Ship Energy Efficiency and Management Plan guidelines were made mandatory for all ships with the adoption on MEPC 203(62). The guidelines require that all ships of shipping companies develop ...

Example Japanese waste reduction legislation

Act on Promoting Green Purchasing

Japan’s Law 100 of 2000, the Act on Promoting Green Purchasing, requires government agencies develop green purchasing policies. The government has accordingly promulgated a basic policy on promoting g...

Example Renewable Fuel Standards

EU Renewable Energy Directive

The EU RED-II Directive dictates that member states must require fuel suppliers to supply a minimum of 14% of the energy consumed in road and rail transport by 2030 as renewable energy. The RED II def...

Resource Reports on Materials Consumption and Solid Waste Generally

UNEP report, Global Waste Management Outlook

The UN Environment Programme’s 2015 report, Global Solid Waste Management, is a comprehensive assessment of global waste management. The six chapters inform the reader about trends, provide an analysi...

Resource Restricting Fossil-Fuel Powered Electric Plants

Report, Phasing-Out Ontario’s Gas-Fired Power Plants: A Roadmap

The Ontario Clean Air Alliance’s 2020 report, Phasing-Out Ontario’s Gas-Fired Power Plants, presents an informative analysis of how a foreign jurisdiction might phase-out its gas plants. The study’s r...

Resource Reports on Materials Consumption and Solid Waste Generally

MacArthur Foundation Report, Growth Within: A Circular Economy Vision for a Competitive Europe

The MacArthur Foundation’s 2015 report, Growth Within: A Circular Economy Vision for a Competitive Europe, looks into three key European sectors – food, mobility, and the built environment – examining...

Example Nitrous Oxide in Cap and Trade Systems

EU Emissions Trading Scheme

The EU’s Emissions Trading Scheme imposes nitrous oxide limits on the production of nitric, adipic, glyoxal, and glyoxylic acids.

Example End of Life Vehicles and Producer Responsibility Laws

Auto Recycling Netherland

Auto Recycling Netherland, established by the Dutch automobile industry, collects all scrap cars and oversees their dismantling and recycling, without cost to the last owner. Financing for this system...

Resource Reports on Reducing Emissions from Shipping

Report, Reducing CO2 Emissions to Zero

The International Chamber of Shipping’s 2018 report, Reducing CO2 Emissions to Zero: The ‘Paris Agreement for Shipping’, addresses the challenges in developing zero emission shipping fuels, emissions ...

Example Circular Economy Policies

EU Circular Economy policy

The EU undertook an Action Plan for the Circular Economy in 2015, creating common EU targets for recycling municipal waste and reducing landfill waste. The revised legislative framework on waste enter...

Example Existing Carbon Pricing Schemes (World)

Iceland carbon tax

Iceland’s Tax on Carbon of Fossil Fuel Origin was originally a temporary carbon tax on liquid fossil fuels with a tax rate indexed to 50% of the EU ETS price. The tax was set to expire at the end of 2...

Resource Using Government Procurement to Support Innovation

OECD report, The Role of Public Procurement in Low-carbon Innovation

The OECD’s 2016 report, The Role of Public Procurement in Low-carbon Innovation, argues that a number of practical solutions can make green procurement more effective for low-carbon innovation, includ...

Resource Using Government Procurement to Support Innovation

IISD report, Procurement, Innovation, and Growth

The International Institute for Sustainable Development’s 2012 report, Procurement, Innovation, and Growth, contends that public procurement serves as a key policy tool for governments to act as a mar...

Example Existing International Marine Organization Requirements

GloMEEP Project

The Global Maritime Energy Efficiency Partnerships Project is aimed at supporting the uptake and implementation of energy efficiency measures for shipping. The GloMEEP project was launched in 2015 in ...

Example Existing Carbon Pricing Schemes (World)

Tokyo’s Emissions Trading Scheme

The Tokyo ETS was launched in 2010 as Japan’s first mandatory ETS. Under the ETS, large offices and factories are required to reduce emissions by 15% or 17% in its second period (FY2015-FY2019). The t...

Resource Eliminating Fossil Subsidies

UNEP report, Measuring Fossil Fuel Subsidies in the Context of Sustainable Development Goals

A 2019 UNEP report, Measuring Fossil Fuel Subsidies in the Context of Sustainable Development Goals, details an internationally accepted methodology that will help countries make their fossil fuel sub...

Resource Sectoral Emissions Controls: Primary Metals

Report, Decarbonising Europeʼs energy intensive industries

Wyns and Axelson’s 2016 report focuses on innovative process technologies in emissions intensive industries that significantly improve the emission performance compared to current (state-of-the-art) t...

Resource Local Content Rules

WTO 2013 Decision on Certain Measures Affecting the Renewable Generation Sector and Relating to the Feed-In Tariff Program

The WTO’s 2013 decision against Ontario invalidated a renewable energy feed-in tariff for having discriminatory local content rules. The decision contours certain attributes to avoid in designing loca...

Example Corporate Incentives and Behavior

Model Law on Corporate Environment Officers and Reporting

The Chancery Lane Project, a collaborative effort of UK lawyers to develop new contracts and model laws to help fight climate change, has published a model law that would amend existing UK law to requ...

Resource Reports on Technical and Legal Pathways to Reduce Nitrous Oxide Emissions Generally

UNEP Report, Drawing Down Nitrous Oxide to Protect the Ozone Layer

UNEP’s 2013 report describes the main mechanisms leading to nitrous oxide emissions and presents options for reducing emissions. It provides estimates of the emission reduction potential from various ...

Example Existing International Marine Organization Requirements

IMO DCS regulation

The IMO approved a Data Collection System regulation in 2017 (MEPC 292(71)) requiring all ships to report fuel consumption, distance, and time at sea, which would be disclosed publicly on an anonymize...

Resource Reports on Reducing Emissions from Shipping

Report, Reducing CO2 and Other Emissions from Shipping

The House of Commons Environmental Audit Committee’s 2009 report, Reducing CO2 and Other Emissions from Shipping, examines UK efforts on three fronts: negotiations to tackle shipping emissions at an i...

Resource Corporate Incentives and Behavior

Model Law on Corporate Duties to Society and Environment

The Chancery Lane Project, a collaborative effort of UK lawyers to develop new contracts and model laws to help fight climate change, has published a model law amending UK corporate law to expand a co...

Example Stranded Assets and Climate Disclosures

UK Mandatory Climate Risk Disclosures

For certain companies that do business within the UK, new climate risk reporting requirements are coming down the pipeline. On November 9, 2020, the Chancellor of the Exchequer announced that the UK w...

Resource Promoting Marine Hydrokinetic Development

IEC Technical Standards

IEC TC 114, Marine energy – Wave, tidal and other water current converters, was established in 2007 to develop international, consensus-based standards for the marine energy industry. The largest mari...

Example Reports on Materials Consumption and Solid Waste Generally

Law for Promotion of Sorted Collection and Recycling of Containers and Packaging

The 1995 Law for Promotion of Sorted Collection and Recycling of Containers and Packaging regulates the life-cycle management of products such as containers and packaging. It created a national recycl...

Resource Conservation Incentives

Model Law on Tree Planting Incentives

The Chancery Lane Project, a collaborative effort of UK lawyers to develop new contracts and model laws to help fight climate change, has published a model law creating a long-term government incentiv...

Example Existing International Marine Organization Requirements

Initial IMO Strategy on Reduction of GHG Emissions from Ships

The Initial IMO Strategy on Reduction of GHG Remissions from Ships (2018) envisages for a reduction in total GHG emissions from international shipping which, it says, should peak as soon as possible a...

Resource Existing Carbon Pricing Schemes (World)Border Tax Adjustments

EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism

After several years of development, in April 2023, the European Parliament approved a Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM). In essence, the CBAM will tax the import of products that would be subj...

Example Existing Carbon Pricing Schemes (World)

EU Emissions Trading System

The European Union’s Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) applies to more than 11,000 emitters in 28 EU countries responsible for about 2 gigatons of CO2-eq emissions. Early implementation issues include...

Example Existing International Marine Organization Requirements

MARPOL Annex VI

The International Convention on the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) entered into force in 1973 and has been amended to apply to GHGs. MARPOL rules apply to all ships flying flag of any cou...

Resource Local Content Rules

WTO 2019 Decision on Certain Measures Relating to the Renewable Energy Sector

The WTO’s 2019 decision against the United States invalidated renewable energy policies in Washington, California, Connecticut, Minnesota, Montana, Massachusetts, Michigan and Delaware for having disc...

Example Circular Economy Policies

China’s Circular Economy Promotion Law

China’s Circular Economy Promotion Law (2008) requires local and provincial planners to consider circular economy issues in any planning effort. The Law calls for the state to set resource reduction g...