Existing Carbon Pricing Schemes (World)
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Canadian Federal Carbon Tax
Under the Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act, the Canadian federal government implemented a coordinated nation-wide carbon price for all provinces without their own carbon pricing mechanism, beginni...
Japanese carbon tax
Japan’s Tax for Climate Mitigation was imposed on all fossil fuels via Law No. 16 of 2012. The tax base is the amount of CO2 emissions from fossil fuel use (covering 70% of Japan’s GHG emissions), wit...
Saitama’s Emissions Trading Scheme
Saitama’s ETS was established in April 2011 as part of the Saitama Prefecture Global Warming Strategy Promotion Ordinance. Under the ETS, large buildings and factories in Saitama are required to reduc...
British Columbia’s Carbon Tax
British Columbia’s Carbon Tax Act (2008) implemented a tax beginning at $10 CAD per ton of CO2-eq emissions, and ramping up to its current rate of $30 CAD, applying to 20 classes of fossil fuels and o...
Denmark’s Livestock Carbon Tax
In a world first, Denmark is set to become the first nation to impose a GHG tax specifically on livestock emissions. In 2030, a fee of 300 Danish crowns ($43.60 USD) will be charged to farmers per ton...
The Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative
The Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative is a nine-state compact (as of October 2019) among Northeastern states to cap carbon emissions from the power sector and use permit auction proceeds to spur clea...
Swiss Emissions Trading System
The Switzerland ETS began with a voluntary phase as an alternative option to the CO2 levy on fossil fuels. Revised regulations entered into force in January 2013. The system subsequently became mandat...
Western Climate Initiative
Under AB 32, California authorized a statewide cap-and-trade program in 2006. Under Chapter Q-2, r. 46.1, Quebec did the same in 2012. California and Quebec linked their cap and trade systems under th...
Mexico’s carbon tax and nascent emissions trading scheme
The foundation of Mexico’s climate policy is the General Law on Climate Change (2012) (analyzed by ELI and EDF, with relevant sections on trading translated by EDF). It established the basis for clima...
Irish carbon tax
In 2010, the Republic of Ireland placed a carbon tax on all residential and commercial use of gas and oil not covered by the EU ETS, under Part 3 of the 2010 Finance Act.
French carbon tax
In the Finance Bill for 2014 (Dec. 2013), the French government adopted a carbon tax of US$9.70/tCO2 e in 2014; increasing to US$17.60/tCO2 e in 2015; and US$24.00/ tCO2 e) in 2016 for the use of foss...
Chilean Carbon tax
In 2014, Chile adopted a carbon tax as part of a larger tax reform (Law 20780), which included changes to other taxes. The carbon tax targets plants with boilers and turbines whose emission sources su...
The Partnership for Market Readiness’ Carbon Tax Guide
The Partnership for Market Readiness’ 2017 Carbon Tax Guide surveys design and modeling principles, potential externalities, oversight and compliance considerations, and case studies.
New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme
Authorized by the Climate Change Response Act of 2002, the New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme (NZ ETS) was launched in 2008. Originally designed to cover the whole economy, it has the broadest secto...
Switzerland carbon tax
Switzerland introduced a CO2 levy under the Federal Act on the Reduction of CO2 Emissions covering heating and process fuels as part of a comprehensive climate policy package to decrease the use of fo...
Carbon Pricing in the Americas Declaration
On 12 December 2017, at the One Planet Summit in Paris, France, the governments of Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Mexico, as well as the US states of California and Washington and Canadian provi...
South Korea’s Emissions Trading Scheme
South Korea’s Emissions Trading Scheme (KETS) was authorized in 2012 through the Act on the Allocation and Trading of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Permits. The KETS was launched in 2015, and in 2018 Phase...
CPLC report, State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2018
Carbon Pricing Leadership Coalition’s 2018 report, State and Trends of Carbon Pricing, focuses on data and information on the evolving initiatives that put a price on carbon, in terms of their most cu...
Swedish Carbon Tax
The carbon tax was introduced in 1991, and has gradually been increased to $140 US/tCO2e in 2018, the highest level in the world. Sweden’s success with high carbon tax prices is exemplary. While the S...
ICAP Emissions Trading Worldwide Status Report
The International Carbon Action Partnership’s 2019 Emissions Trading Worldwide Status Report summarizes global progress in implementing carbon cap and tax schemes. The ICAP website lists regularly upd...
Iceland carbon tax
Iceland’s Tax on Carbon of Fossil Fuel Origin was originally a temporary carbon tax on liquid fossil fuels with a tax rate indexed to 50% of the EU ETS price. The tax was set to expire at the end of 2...
Tokyo’s Emissions Trading Scheme
The Tokyo ETS was launched in 2010 as Japan’s first mandatory ETS. Under the ETS, large offices and factories are required to reduce emissions by 15% or 17% in its second period (FY2015-FY2019). The t...
EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism
After several years of development, in April 2023, the European Parliament approved a Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM). In essence, the CBAM will tax the import of products that would be subj...
EU Emissions Trading System
The European Union’s Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) applies to more than 11,000 emitters in 28 EU countries responsible for about 2 gigatons of CO2-eq emissions. Early implementation issues include...
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